Mathematical Symbols

 List of Mathematics Symbols categorized by fields: ✍️

Algebra:

= – Equality

≠ – Not equal

≈ – Approximately equal

± – Plus-minus

∝ – Proportional to

∑ – Summation

∏ – Product

√ – Square root

^ – Exponentiation

Calculus:

d/dx – Derivative

∂/∂x – Partial derivative

∫ – Integral

∬, ∭ – Double, triple integrals

dx – Infinitesimal change in x

lim – Limit

Δx – Finite change in x

Linear Algebra:

I – Identity matrix

T – Transpose (e.g., Aᵀ)

det(A) – Determinant of matrix A

λ – Eigenvalue

v – Eigenvector

· – Dot product

× – Cross product

Set Theory & Logic:

∈ – Element of

∉ – Not an element of

⊆ – Subset

⊂ – Proper subset

∪ – Union

∩ – Intersection

∅ – Empty set

∀ – For all

∃ – There exists

⇒ – Implies

⇔ – If and only if (iff)

Number Theory:

ℕ – Natural numbers

ℤ – Integers

ℚ – Rational numbers

ℝ – Real numbers

ℂ – Complex numbers

mod – Modulo

| – Divides (e.g., a | b)

gcd – Greatest common divisor

lcm – Least common multiple

Probability & Statistics:

P(A) – Probability of event A

E[X] – Expected value

Var(X) – Variance

σ – Standard deviation

μ – Mean

n! – Factorial

C(n, k) – Combinations

P(n, k) – Permutations

Geometry & Trigonometry:

π – Pi

θ – Angle

sin, cos, tan – Trigonometric functions

∠ – Angle symbol

Δ – Triangle

∥ – Parallel

⊥ – Perpendicular

r – Radius

A – Area

V – Volume